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    "https://query.wikidata.org/\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country aliases\n",
    "SELECT ?entity_id ?country_name ?country_iso ?country_name_alias\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?entity_id wdt:P298 ?country_iso.\n",
    "  ?entity_id rdfs:label ?country_name filter (lang(?country_name) = \"en\").\n",
    "  ?entity_id skos:altLabel ?country_name_alias filter (lang(?country_name_alias) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country demonyms\n",
    "SELECT ?entity_id ?country_iso ?demonym\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?entity_id wdt:P298 ?country_iso.\n",
    "  ?entity_id wdt:P1549 ?demonym filter (lang(?demonym) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "##### old\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country ISO-3 codes\n",
    "SELECT ?country_name ?country_id ?iso\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?country_id wdt:P31 wd:Q6256.\n",
    "  ?country_id wdt:P298 ?iso.\n",
    "  ?country_id rdfs:label ?country_name filter (lang(?country_name) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country aliases\n",
    "SELECT ?country_id ?country_name ?country_name_alias\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?country_id wdt:P31 wd:Q6256.\n",
    "  ?country_id rdfs:label ?country_name filter (lang(?country_name) = \"en\").\n",
    "  ?country_id skos:altLabel ?country_name_alias filter (lang(?country_name_alias) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country demonyms\n",
    "SELECT ?label_en ?country ?demonym\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?country wdt:P31 wd:Q6256.\n",
    "  ?country wdt:P1549 ?demonym filter (lang(?demonym) = \"en\").\n",
    "  ?country rdfs:label ?label_en filter (lang(?label_en) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "# get country languages\n",
    "SELECT ?label_en ?language_label_en ?country ?language\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?country wdt:P31 wd:Q6256.\n",
    "  ?country wdt:P37 ?language.\n",
    "  ?country rdfs:label ?label_en filter (lang(?label_en) = \"en\").\n",
    "  ?language rdfs:label ?language_label_en filter (lang(?language_label_en) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "# get cities for countries\n",
    "SELECT ?label_en ?city ?location ?country\n",
    "WHERE\n",
    "{\n",
    "  ?city wdt:P31 wd:Q515.\n",
    "  ?city wdt:P17 ?country.\n",
    "  ?city wdt:P625 ?location.\n",
    "  ?city rdfs:label ?label_en filter (lang(?label_en) = \"en\").\n",
    "}\n"
   ]
  },
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